THE PROS AND CONS ABOUT LEGALIZING MARIJUANA Essay Example For Students

THE PROS AND CONS ABOUT LEGALIZING MARIJUANA Essay Mainstream vs. Alternative Media; who do we believe? The Journal of Media Studies Writer Discussion of the legalization of marijuanabrings up two main issues, those who are pro- marijuana and those who are anti- marijuana. These issues have beencovered by both mainstream and alternative media, mainstream being pro, and alternative being anti. Thesetwo factions have been arguing over this issue in the halls of justice for many years. Because most of the Americansociety is mainly exposed to only mainstream media, they are not aware of other factors of legalizingmarijuana that alternative media covers. The problem caused by this lack of exposure, is that the public may be deprivedof the truth, and may be led to believe facts that are not true. Marijuana and Medicine Both pro and anti-marijuana groups have discussed whether or not marijuana can be used for medicinal purposes. Mainstream groups do notbelieve that there are any convincing reasons to make marijuana a treatment to sick patie nts. Their position is thatmarijuana can have harmful long-term effects. The Anti-Legalization Forum explains that some of these effects are:impairment of the immune system due to the inability of T-cells to battle off diseases, delaying puberty in both malesand females, and unhealthy and smaller children born to women who used marijuana during pregnancy. TheDrug Enforcement Administration believes that since marijuana is not accepted by any American healthassociations, there is no reason to legalize the drug. They think that the main reason why pro marijuana advocates use themedical use argument is because the uninformed public can be easily convinced to support the movement. Simplynot enough evidence proves that marijuana can be used medically (Claim V). Unlike the D.E.A., lobbyinggroups such as the Cannabis Action Network and the Indiana Civil Liberties Union, believe that marijuana is abeneficial herb, and not a harmful drug (ICLU). Alternative media sources, such as Marijuana A s Medicine, state thatmarijuana can be used as medicine for: nausea, appetite stimulation, relief from vomiting, reduction in spasticity,glaucoma, epilepsy, anxiety, depression, asthma, multiple sclerosis, stimulation of the immune system, Aids patient andcancer patients. For victims with AIDS, cancer and multiple sclerosis, smoking marijuana is believed to helpreduce emesis, suppress vomiting, and stimulate the appetite. People with multiple sclerosis are convinced thatsmoking marijuana also reduces the intensity of their spasms. Marijuana As Medicine, a Cannabis ActionNetwork pamphlet, states that, Two highly qualified and experienced ophthalmologists have accepted marijuana ashaving a medical use in treatment of glaucoma. When taken, parts of cannabis lower intraocular pressure in theeye. There are rumors that marijuana suppresses the immune system. Marijuana Myths dismisses this belief becausethe myth was based on studies where the experimental animals were given near-lethal-dos es of cannabinoids, andthese results have never been repeated on humans. In fact, two studies displayed that the immune system mayactually have been stimulated by the use of hashish and marijuana. On the other hand, a separate alternative sourcestated that marijuana (Delta-nine-THC) does possess an immunosuppressive effect. Marijuana shuts off somecells in the liver, instead of stimulating them. The effect is only temporary and goes away rapidly. According toMarijuana As Medicine, Approximately 30% of all prescription drugs can be replaced by THC, so pro- marijuanagroups lead to believe that one of the reasons why the drug is not legalized is because it would take the profitaway from currently used drugs. These groups suppose that since no one has ever died from marijuana use, it mustbe safe. We can already see the different myths that people read and get confused about. The one thing that pro-marijuana groups agree upon is that Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest t herapeutically activesubstances known to man (Marijuana As Medicine). Marijuana and Crime Another issue considered by the massmedia is whether marijuana has an effect on crime or not. As written in the Anti-Legalization Forum, the D.E.A. We will write a custom essay on THE PROS AND CONS ABOUT LEGALIZING MARIJUANA specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now believes that drug use contributes to crime and violence. Many police officers say that criminal activity is notcaused by dealers, but by those that are under the influence of the drug. A study showed that among males (18-49years old) those who used cannabis were ten times more likely to commit violent acts than non-users. Anti marijuanagroups look to the example of gangs, after the repeal of Prohibition, gangster activity had not decreased. Experts are positive that legalizing marijuana would only add to the burden of criminal, health and social services. There is no denying the fact that drug use changes behavior and exacerbates criminal activity (Claim I). Hempfor Food claims that marijuana supporters believe that the only criminal activity caused by marijuana is donebecause of the illegal status of the drug, and not because of any influence that the drug may have on users. They thinkthat legalization would eliminate black market activity. In Holland, marijuana is legal and so far, the Dutch crimerate has declined and not increased as one would anticipate (87). Supporters of the legalization of marijuana say thatthe United States government can profit from legalizing marijuana because they can tax the drug. A studydone by Vera Rubin, of the Coptic study, found no links of cannabis to criminal behavior. She said that smokers andnon-smokers had identical extroversion scores and work records. There was no proof found that marijuana impairsmotor skills, so she believes that large doses of marijuana cut short ones motivation to work (86) . Marijuanaand Behavior Behavior is altered by using marijuana. The Medical Post states that marijuana has always beendepicted as producing a lethargic, mellow, laid-back effect rather than acting as a stimulant. A study was done onyoung, male marijuana users to show any signs of stimulation. These participants engaged in antisocial behavior. .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 , .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 .postImageUrl , .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 , .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97:hover , .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97:visited , .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97:active { border:0!important; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97:active , .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97 .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49a0ba62f0ac56cd1b6100dd4a6d1d97:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Walk A Mile With A Disability EssayThe doctors concluded that these drugs could possibly disturb social interactions. Anti- marijuana groups feel thatlegalizing drugs encouraged non-users that drugs are acceptable (Anti-Legalization Forum Claim III). Hemp for Food, an alternative source printed that subjects in a Jamaican study described marijuana as havingthe effect of making them smarter, more energetic, happy, and more conscious. They believe that the drug producedan overall sense of well-being and self-defense. The subjects used it as a work motivator (86). Theimplication for legalization is that the drug has different effects on different groups of people, so we are not able to predictoutcomes for individuals (Now Research). Marijuana and the Brain Mainstream media believes that marijuanaproduces flat brainwaves. Marijuana Myths asserts that the Partnership for a Drug-Free America ran an ad thattried to display this belief. A few years ago they made a commercial that first showed a normal brainwave, then theyshowed a second brainwave that supposedly belonged to a 14-year-old marijuana user. It was a flatbrainwave that tried to show that the brainwaves or a drug user is the same as a comatose human being. ABC got the groupto admit to lying, yet they still ran the ad. Marijuana Myths wrote about a study that was done to show thatmarijuana causes damage to the brain. The study was thrown out because of its insufficient experiment. There weretoo many criticisms, particularly because the study was done on only four monkeys. Real studies on humans donot show any damage to the brain. In actuality, smoking marijuana has the effect to increase alpha wave activity bya small amount. Alpha waves are related to relaxation, which can be associate with human productivity. Expertsare unsure if marijuana affects short-term memory, but they think that any effect disappears when the person is nolonger under the influence, similar to the immune system effect. According to Hemp for Food, a studydone in 1981 showed that the subjects tested actually believed that smoking potent marijuana 16 times a day hadimproved their minds over a time period of 10 years. Their brains have been tested, and the results showed that therewas no difference between their brains and one of a non-smoker. There is also no proof of an increase in IQ bysmoking marijuana. Another study said that there was no impairment of physiological, sensory and perceptual-motorperformance, tests of concept information, abstracting ability or cognitive style and tests or memory. The studystates that heavy and prolonged use of ganja does not damage one socially or psychologically (86). Marijuanaand the Reproductive System There are many claims that say that marijuana causes damage to the reproductivesystem. The D.E.A. states that smoking marijuana can make young children go through puberty much later thannormal children. They also state that the drug can cause difficulties in babies born to mothers who smoked duringpregnancy. From this source, Peter Fried, Ph.D., found that Marijuana use during pregnancy has harmfuleffects on childrens intellectual abilities a decade or more after they are born. The harm done by drugs is real andlong-lasting. Dr. Drew from the TV program Loveline, had said that marijuana can cause birth defects if either the male orfemale used it, even if it was used four months prior to conception. He also believes that smoking marijuana canlower ones sex drive, and that it does not help if the man has an impotency problem. Marijuana use may lower thesperm count in males, but not to the point to be used as birth control. Marijuana Myths responds to the belief thatmarijuana causes developmental problems in children, by claiming that it was a false rumor created by antimarijuana groups in order to steer people away from drug use. They state the studies done on this subject to befaulty or misread. However, they do admit that there may be some effects to childhood development, but they say thatthey are not drastic and are rare. They say that marijuana does not make men impotent or sterile and that forsome, it enhances their sex lives. Feelings and emotions become more colorful to them. Bill Drake, author o fMarijuana: An Herb for the Aging, states that marijuana may actually arouse an interest in sexuality in the elderly. .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 , .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 .postImageUrl , .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 , .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6:hover , .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6:visited , .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6:active { border:0!important; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6:active , .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6 .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa89660a2caf64ddef7b641b8a1c36e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Frank EssayJamaican studies, from Hemp for Food, have displayed that mothers who use marijuana believe that theirchildren are healthier. The experiment that was done that claimed that marijuana is harmful to the reproductive systemwas rejected by the scientific community because the controlled animals were given near-lethal doses. Onceoff of the drug, the animals returned to normal. When done on actual human beings, experiments have not showndamage to the reproductive system. Not all mainstream claims are false, and not all alternative claims are true, butpeople would rather get their news from the television than from a piece of paper that they found in their mailbox . Themajority of the population gets its information from mainstream media sources because they believe that it is morecredible than alternative media sources. Evidence shows how the public is provided with contradictory facts, soone can see that it can be a difficult in choosing the which source to believe. The news has to make stories short, dueto limited time, but alternative media sources have plenty of time to gather hidden or unbroadcastedinformation. In contrast to TV news, documentaries done on this topic are able to spend unlimited hours researchingsince they rarely have deadlines. People should be presented with facts only if they are in complete detail andhave been thoroughly investigated. Alternative media seem to have this ability, yet are sometimes doubted fortheir information because people usually believe things that are said on either TV, radio, or other sources ofmainstream media. There is not much that can be done to fix this problem. Alternative media groups are constrained in themedium of their production. They have small budgets and are unable to spend the same amount of moneythat mainstream media sources spend. Since they dont have expensive equipment to work with, they are forcedto make the best out of what they have. Because their projects may appear unprofessional, people assume thatwhat they have to say cannot be trusted. What people can do is try to educate others of this issue and attempt toget people to change their attitudes toward alternative media. What might be effective is if these alternativegroups put their effort into creating a video or display that exhibited why alternative media is restricted, and whypeople should start looking at their claims from a different perspective. People would be better off if they are faced withboth sides and come to a reasonable conclusion derived from both sources. Since the topic being discussed is onthe legalization of marijuana, we need to use this information in creating a solution for t his dilemma. Because marijuanais illegal, there are few mainstream groups that will go against the law and promote the legalization process. Perhaps groups like C.A.N. can create a video or anything as effective to reach out to the public and make them awareof what they are missing out on. The pamphlets that are already being distributed by these groups are a small step,yet people are still hesitant in believing any information printed on them. However, people might change theirminds if the information written on these pamphlets informed them of reasons to credit them. Alternative mediagroups are getting this idea across slowly. It is only a matter of time until people start taking their claims into account. Works Cited Cannabis Action Network. Cannabis Action Network Strategy and Objectives. New Orleans. . Lies Lies Lies. Berkeley, Lexington, New Orleans. . Marijuana As Medicine. New Orleans. . Restriction Lifted on Growing Hemp. New Orleans: 1993. . This is What The Government Says About Marijuana. Berkeley, Lexington, New Orleans. Cronin, Russell. High Hopes for the First Legal Cannabis Crop. TheIndependent 12 July 1993: 6. Drake, Bill. Marijuana: An Herb for the Aging. 1986. Online. Netscape. 10 Feb 1997. Florida Legalization Organization. Hemp for Food, Fuel, Fiber Medicine, The Economy and theEnvironment. Lacrosse, Florida: 1989: 1-3, 5-8, 15, 80, 86-89. Gettman, John. Marijuana the Brain. High TimesMarch 1995: 33-36. Hager, Paul. Marijuana Myths. Indiana Civil Liberties Union Drug Task Force. Online. Netscape 9 Feb 1997. Hilts, Philip J. Relative Addictiveness of Drugs. New York Times 2 Aug 1994, sec. 3:3+. Now Research Indicates Marijuana is a Stimulant. Medical Post 15 Oct. 1991. Loveline. Prod. David Sittenfeld. With Dr. Drew, Adam Carolla, and Kris McGaha. MTV. 25 Feb. 1997. Rotstein, Arthur H. Pot Studies CalledLikely Key to Brains Secrets. Arizona Daily Star 12 Nov 1995: C12+. United States. Drug EnforcementAgency. Anti-Legalization Forum. FBI/D.E.A. Training Academy: GPO, 1994.

The Military Sealift Command

The Military Sealift Command Executive Summary The Military Sealift Command or MSC was designed to aid in the logistical and transportation needs of the United States Military, and specifically handles the transportation, supply, and personnel needs of the U.S. Navy and other seafaring vessels in the U.S. military.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Military Sealift Command specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, the MSC has three main divisions, including the Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force, the Special Missions Program, and the Prepositioning Program. Each subdivision operates under the jurisdiction of the federal government and employees a variable mixture of civilian mariners and enlisted officers. The purpose of this strategic plan is to further describe the current configuration of MSC, its operational nature, the overall vision and value system, and the foreseeable risks and opportunities in the future. Also, this plan will detail the implem entation of the most effective business strategy for the plan future endeavors as well as briefly outline a basic risk management plan. Based on available information, and a clear assessment of the foreseeable risks and responsibilities into the future, this strategic plan will suggest that the best operational framework in which MSC can operate is within an entrepreneurial system, where certain, logistical and routine needs are meet through the contracting of private entities who meet all the criteria for federal employment and contracting. Through this delegation of responsibility, MSC can more easily handle the more immediate needs of coordinating the logistical and transportation support needed by the U.S. Military and associated research and development vessels. Company Background Prior to 1949, marine transportation was controlled by four separate governmental agencies. However, after the end of World War II, it was determined that a singular entity would be better prepared to handle and supervise the multi-faceted arena of sea transportation and logistical support for the United States Department of Defense. Thus, the Military Sealift Command (MSC) was formed. The MSC has always assumed the responsibility for ocean transportation for the military and other governmental entities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In modern times, MSC is utilized by the U.S. military and their civilian counterparts for the logistics and transportation of such things as fuel, humanitarian aid, research vessels, and military and civilian maritime personnel around the world. In addition, MSC vessels have also played a vital role in the nation’s fight against terrorism.Nearly 16 billion gallons of fuel as well as 110 million tons of supplies and equipment were delivered by MSC in 2008. In addition, medical vessels operated by MSC have been able to treat thousands of patients worldwide. Organizational Mission The organizational mission of the Military Sealift Command is fivefold: provide quality services to our clients, regardless of their needs, provide quality assistance to help them achieve their short and long term goals, to provide support to the Global War on Terrorism, to develop and maintain a support system for all staff and employees, ensure that our resources, including maritime and personnel are always able to meet the needs of our clients, now and in the future. In order to meet these goals and the changing demands of the maritime environment, the MSC is divided into three main subgroups. These subgroups include the Naval Fleet Auxiliary, the Special Mission Program, and the Prepositioning Program. The organizational structure of each of these sub-groups is described in the following paragraphs. Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force This subdivision of MSC contains more than 40 ships which are used for organizing the supply to the US Navy vessels by sea. The ships deliver such things as food, fuel, ordnance, replacement parts, mail service, and other necessary supplies. This resource allows naval vessels to remain at sea, and to have the ability to respond quickly during times of military or humanitarian need. Moreover, the Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force is also responsible for towing and salvage operations along with medical and rescue services. Individual ships are manned by a crew of civil service mariners, and may contain a small group of naval personnel aboard for operational support. The vessels are also operated under governmental ownership. Special Missions Program This section of MSC operates a total of 25 vessels which provide operational platforms and command vessels for both research and military ventures. Routine missions may include such things as oceanographic surveys, underwater surveillance, as well as hydrological and acoustic surveys, and various other missions involved in wartime support . These services are supplied to such entities as the U.S.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Military Sealift Command specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fleet Forces Command, the Oceanographer of the Navy, the U.S. Air Force, the Strategic Systems Programs Office of the U.S. Navy, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency to name a few. The majority of ships within this section of MSC are operated by civilian mariners that work for private companies contracted by MSC. Also, some ships are operated by a hybrid crew, consisting of both civilian and military personnel that work under the supervision of a U.S. Navy captain. Prepositioning Program This portion of the MSC aids in the readiness strategy of the United States Military. Prepositioning is the act of placing military equipment and key supplies on designated vessels located in significant locations at sea. This ensures the availability of resources d uring times of increased conflict, war, a humanitarian operation, or other contingency. A total of 32 pre-positioning ships are in use by MSC to support all branches of the U.S. military and coalition allies. The Prepositioning fleet includes vessels owned by the U.S. government, chartered vessels, and ones that have been activated from the Maritime Administration Ready Reserve Force. The private contractors employed by the federal government are responsible for selecting the candidates for the crew of the ships which consist mainly of civilian mariners. Vision The overall vision of the Military Sealift Command is to deliver the most innovative and efficient delivery of resources and solutions within the maritime community (Military Sealift Command organization). Value Statements Above all else, Military Sealift Command values the people that make the realization of its vision and mission a reality. These include the employees, the clients, both military and civilian, and those who are affected by what we do for the military community, here and abroad. MSC also places a high value on maintaining a transparent and quantitative decision making process that is highlighted by professionalism, efficiency, and innovation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Environmental Scan In order to assess and create an effective strategic plan, it is necessary to conduct an assessment of the external, internal and economic factors that will affect the Military Sealift Command. The following subsections will provide a summation of those factors. External Factors The following factors have been designated as external factors that would have a significant influence on MSC: access to global ports and sea-lanes, poor or inadequate infrastructure development, type of information and communication technology utilized, government regulations and fiscal restraints, and investment in new technology. Access to Global Ports and Sea-Lanes In the changing world of global dynamics, the transportation of materials and personnel to international ports and through international sea-lanes is becoming more crucial. Perceived opponents to the successful transportation of goods and services would undoubtedly try to prevent access to certain global ports and sea-lanes, critically affecting the ability of MSC to provide quality resources and personal to our clients. The freedom of access is crucial to the global economy as it facilitates the movement of both resources, and the natural growth and expansion of free trade. The inability of MSC to travel effectively would mean that that the supported presence of the United States Navy has the potential to be adversely effected in a number of established locations. Infrastructure Development Another significant external factor facing the MSC is the challenge of poorly developed or inadequate infrastructure in areas that the U.S. has shown future interests. The areas in question often lack the transportation and logistical necessities found in most developed areas, including airports, seaports, and established road networks. In addition, many of these areas have poor or inadequate water resources, poor sewer or electricity services. These shortcomings will most likely become a direct hindrance to the de ployment of military personnel and their support personnel by the United States and allied countries in a response to humanitarian necessity. Information Technology and Communications While current information technology and communication systems are important to the success of any military operation, the advancement of technology in this area also has the potential to cause problems for the military as well. Perceived opponents also have the opportunity to gain significant technological advances, including the technology currently being used by the United States military forces. These acquired technologies can then be utilized to attack, disrupt, or even degrade the ability of the U.S. military to communicate effectively. Governmental Regulations and Fiscal Restraints Since the military, and indirectly MSC operate under the supervision and guidance of the United States government, they must adhere to any and all regulations, budgetary restraints, and laws that could directly or ind irectly affect them. Currently, the United States government is having to manage a significant budget deficit which has affected many military operations, and therefore the ability to utilized support companies such as MSC. Investment in New Technology Based on the growing determination of the perceived enemies of the United States to utilize new and innovative technology to win the war on terrorism, it is essential that the United States government in new and remodeled programs, improved platforms. This will ensure the continued dominance of the United States military and their allies on the global stage. Internal Factors In addition to numerous external factors that influence the strategic planning of MSC, there are also a number of internal factors that must be accounted for. These include various strengths and weaknesses that have been revealed by a detailed analysis of the internal environment. A SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis was conducted for Military Sealift Command. It focused on four main areas, including resources, funding, naval-maritime relationships, and workforce. MSC Resources At the current time, MSC operates approximately one hundred and eleven non-combatant civilian-crewed ships worldwide. The MSC also operates approximately fifty military ships that are currently on standby, ready for military use. The headquarters of MSC is located in Washington D.C., and auxiliary branches are located throughout the county. MSC employs approximately 8,000 employees that are comprised of both military and civilian personnel. In addition, another 4,000 civil servants derived from both the United States Marines and federal governments are utilized to strengthen its non-combatant naval auxiliary and special mission ships. Funding There are two major sources of fiscal resourcesfor MSC. These include the transportation working capital and the navy working capital fund. Each funding source is designated for a set of unique purpo ses. The purpose of the Transportation working capital is to finance the operation of sealift services, while the main purpose of the navy working capital fund is to support the naval taskforce, operations, and other military entities. It should be noted that MSC does not obtain funding through its command operations. Operational funding is provided through either a working funds capital, or from invoicing of MSC clients. These are the financial resources utilized by MSC to finance its command operations. MSC is a non-profit making entity, and therefore no profits are built into the budget. Naval-Maritime Relationship According to the Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement (VISA) of the 1990s, an agreement was reached between the US government and the maritime industry. The purpose is to provide joint planning and assured access for the commercial ships at rates agreed upon in cases of national emergency. VISA allows the United States military to use the offshore transport equipment as well as private ships during emergencies, and in times of war. The treaty also allows the government to provide the maritime industry subsidies, and or contracts that involve the transportation of military equipment in times of peace. This enables the establishment of a relationship between the private firms and military, which can later be used during times of conflict. Workforce MSC’s workforce consists of approximately 9,000 employees worldwide. Approximately 80% of those employees are working at sea. The majority are mariners who are employed through a civil service in their respective federal governmental agencies. Other portions of MSC employees work for private firms as commercial mariners, civil servants, or as members of the reserve military. All MSC ships are operated by civilians, as opposed to naval vessels which are operated by military personnel. While operated by civilians, MSC vessels still may be involved in military operations during times of war or conf lict through the transport of military supplies, and communication equipment. This is accomplished through the use of small military compartments and departments that are specifically designed to facilitate these operations. Strength Analysis Based on the information provided above, MSC strengths include a highly trained workforce and a management system that is focused on both quality and safety considerations. Weakness Analysis Despite its apparent strengths, there are a number of weaknesses that have become apparent in the analysis of MSC. One such weakness is the relatively slow hiring process for new shoreline employees. Another weakness is the scarcity of available resources for use by MSC to support military operations in the forms of force sustainment, delivery of combat equipment, fuel, vehicles, ammunition in times of war and peace. This apparent shortfall of supplies has, unfortunately led to misappropriate use of funding in the past. This misuse is due in part to decisio ns made during mission implementation, where the priorities are not financial, but rather logistical. Another weakness, specific to military personnel is the added performance pressure that is experienced due to high turnover rate and the expectation of high performance and promotions. Often these personnel face the dilemma of choosing between careers and professional interests when they are involved in the decision making process (MSC, 2010). Economic Factors In addition to internal and external factors that the MSC strategic plan has identified, there are also a number of economic constraints that can be considered to have both internal and external components. One such economic influence is the changing use and need for energy resources. Since a larger percentage of fossil fuels are being utilized by emerging countries, these limited resources will most likely become unavailable in the foreseeable future. Therefore, alternative energy sources must be found and developed for use b y the U.S. military and their associated civilian operations (MSC 2010). Strategy Organization The primary objective of strategic planning is to understand how a particular business will be implemented, operated in the future, and how the entity will manage expected risks and new developments. There are a number of available strategies that the MSC could undertake, and one of the best alternatives will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Based on information obtained, the most beneficial strategic organizational structure is that of an entrepreneurial company (Pearce, Robinson, 2004, p 34). This assessment is based on a number of criteria, including the expected enhancement of the effectiveness and efficiency in MSC operations. The extensive amount of business management knowledge that has been made available to entrepreneurial systems will allow for a more seamless operation of administrative functions. In addition to operating under an entrepreneurial model, it is also impor tant for MSC to adopt the use of external resources such as outsourcing services that are designed to meet specific criteria and functional uses. By outsourcing certain routine aspects of their operations, some financial resources may be made available for additional employee benefits, additional research and development, or to provide a more stable financial foundation for future endeavors. Another possibility is to utilize more of the civilian workforce than is currently. In most cases, military personnel demand a higher wage, and more benefits than their comparable civilian counterpart. By using more of the civilian resources available, MSC could potentially reduce its overall cost of doing business. Implementation Plan While developing this implementation plan, one should first identify the major objectives that have to be attained by Military Sealift Command. These objectives are as follows: Establish more productive partnerships with private suppliers; Improve HR management i n the organization, especially when we are speaking about slow hiring process and high turnover of military personnel. Increase the speed of internal operations within the agency; Develop better control mechanisms over the resources. The achievement of these objectives is crucial for the effective functioning of the MSC. However, in order to reach these goals one has to single out a set of specific tasks. They can be presented in this way: Make a call for tender in order to attract private contractors. The private contractors of MSC have to be assessed in terms of their reliability, pricing policies, experience in the field, and ability to collaborate with military agencies. Set more stringent accountability standards for private contractors. One of the key issues, faced by MSC is the inability of this organization to control contractor-operated ships. The thing is that in many cases, MSC has to be twice for the same job (GAO, 1995, p 2). They need to make sure that the prices of contractors are reasonable and that overhaul work is done properly. Purchase or design an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) application that would enable the administration to gain a better control over such areas as human resources, financial reporting, supply chain, etc. Establish a department that would be occupied solely with the recruitment of the civil personnel. As a rule, Military Sealift Command often has to deal with numerous employment agencies, acting as mediators between the employer and the candidate and a result the process of hiring is usually very slow. Therefore, it is advisable to incorporate this agency into the structure of MSC. Review and modify remuneration policies of MSC. It has been mentioned before, the turnover rate in MSC is very high. In part, it can be explained by the fact that the employees are not content with the compensation that they receive for their work or they may be dissatisfied with the way their performance is assessed. It is possible to single out several milestones in this plan: the beginning of tenders and their ending; the design and installation of ERP system; the adoption of new accountability standards. The efficiency of this plan should be measured according to such parameters as the speed of operations, organizational costs, and turnover rate within the company. The administration of MSC has to establish at least workgroups, which would do the following tasks: organization of tenders and assessment of the offerings, made by various private entities; the evaluation of reporting practices within organization and development of new accountability policies; the design of ERP system; recruitment of the civil personnel. Such allocation of human resources seems to be the most appropriate for the needs of MSC. When speaking about the budget estimations, we need to say that it is too early to make them now because at first it is necessary to assess IT needs of the organization. Only on the basis of this assessm ent one would be able to determine what kind of software and hardware is needed by MSC. Besides, one would have to determine the costs of tenders and the costs of creating a new HR department in the organization. Without these data, it is rather difficult to carry out break-even analysis. At this point is rather difficult to set some specific deadline for the implementation of plan. However, we may argue that it will take MSC at least a year and a half to put the plan into execution because tendering process and the development of ERP system are very time-consuming. Overall, the implementation of this plan depends on several success factors: the availability of funding and the willingness of the employees to collaborate with the administration. Risk Management Risk management and contingency planning is defined as the recognition of foreseeable risk, the development of plans to manage those risks, as well as the specific steps that will be taken to minimize the impact from currently unrecognized future risk and problems. The goals of such planning and implementation is to increase the overall prosperity of the company, assess and effectively manage current and future risks, increase the ability of the company personnel to make effective and timely decisions, and to become proactive in managing new situations. Conclusions Based on the current information, and the foreseeable risks and responsibilities in the future, it is believed that the best strategic plan of operation for the MSC is to create a system modeled after entrepreneurial businesses, where coordination is handled by a more centralized administration, and certain routine or other logistical needs of the clients are met through subcontracting qualified private companies. Through this division of labor, it is believed that MSC will be more able to handle the changing risks and operational needs of its clients. Reference List Barney, J. B. (2007). Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Upper Sad dle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Government Accountability Office. (1995). Weak Control and Management of Contractor-operated Ships. Government Accountability Office. Web. Military Sealift Command organization. (n.d.) n.a. Web. Pearce, J., A., Robinson B. (2004) Strategic management: Formulation,  implementation and control. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Achieving Universal Electricity Access

Achieving Universal Electricity Access PART I: INTRODUCTION Background of Study The importance of modern energy services in promoting socio-economic development has been extensively documented in the literature (Kaygusuz 2011), (Kanagawa and Nakata 2007) (Kanagawa and Nakata 2008). Access to modern energy services is closely related to other indicators of a descent standard of living in the 21 st century, namely, availability of portable drinking water, literacy, health services, child mortality, etc (Meisen and Akin 2008). For example, in rural areas, the higher luminance of modern lighting brightens homes and encourages pupils to study in the nights; clean cookstoves and cookers using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can reduce incidences of indoor-air pollution caused by reliance on traditional biomass for cooking (Isihak, Akpan and Adeleye 2012), etc. As the most versatile carrier of energy, electricity is important in the provisions of basic social services in health, water, etc. Electricity is also useful promoting t he income formation in rural areas through the development of rural microenterprises (Akpan, Essien and Isihak 2013a). Electricity also powers large machinery in factories to increase productivity. Modern energy services, especially electricity, are crucial to several sectors of the economy of any country: higher education, agriculture, financial services, communication, rural development, etc. Despite the huge advantages of having access to electricity, several millions of persons around the world lack access to electricity. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated that in 2011 about xxx billion persons lacked access to electricity of which xxx million were in sub-Saharan Africa (IEA 2011). Consequently, one of the major energy challenges confronting countries in sub-Sahara Africa is that of providing access to modern energy services to its citizens. The electricity access situation in Nigeria is similar to that of many developing countries: the electricity access rate in Ni geria – the percentage of population without access to electricity – is 56% (NPC 2014) which is equivalent to about xxx million persons. However, the electricity access rates in the various states vary significantly from 10.9% in Taraba State to 99.1% in Lagos State as shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Electricity access rate in Nigeria by states Source of data : (NPC 2014) Three main factors which are inter-related are responsible for this disparity in the electricity access rates across the states: The population density across the states varies significantly as shown in Fig. 2. Places with higher population density have higher commercial activities and in-turn higher demand for electricity. Therefore, transmission and distribution lines are often constructed to deliver electricity to such locations because the electricity so delivered will not be under-utilized [1] ; The major sources of electricity generation are natural gas and hydro. The gas-powered plants are locat ed in the Niger Delta area where there is abundance of natural gas while the hydropower plants are in Niger State. Because transmission lines are constructed to evaluate power from the generation source to demand areas, these states and other states along the path of the transmission lines tend to have higher electricity access rates; Due to the first two reasons itemized above, the national grid does not cover all parts of the country. The electricity grid covers the states with high population density but not those with low population density as shown in Fig. 3.

An Analysis of the US and Australian Health Insurance Programs Research Paper

An Analysis of the US and Australian Health Insurance Programs - Research Paper Example Many scholars have compared the two health insurance systems and found surprising data that is of concern. The statistic shows that Australia spends an average of 8.7 percent of its GDP on supporting health and this covers all residents in Australia irrespective of their employment status (Coory). The American government, on the other hand, spends 17.6% of its GDP on healthcare (CMS) and this is far much more than any industrialized country and 47 million citizens still lack health insurance while millions of others are underinsured (Mascarenhas). This is a damning statistic which asks for a deeper analysis. The second issue is that the American Medicaid program only covers those above the age of 65 while the rest have to look for alternative private health treatment (Mascarenhas). On the other hand, the Australian one covers all the individuals including the well-off in society who are entitled to subsidize medical cover with the government paying a certain percentage of it (AHS). Although the Medicaid program is available in the US to cater for the low-income earners, their exist restrictions on who is eligible for that kind of health care program. This leaves most of the population uninsured with many opting for private treatment which is costly and most are unable to afford these costs (HJK). Although there exist some strength s associated with the US Medicare program it is still way back below the Australian Medicare program that covers everyone. The strengths lie in the short waiting time for surgery patients and other patients with chronic complications (Mascarenhas). On the other hand, the Australian program has a long waiting list and this is one of its problems. Despite all, it is better to wait for a long time and be served than to be completely denied the service. The greatest strength in the Australian program is affordability and access and this is lacking in the American programs (DHAC).

Media - A Fine Line Between Reporting the News and Creating the News Research Paper

Media - A Fine Line Between Reporting the News and Creating the News - Research Paper Example In actual sense, the journalists are the one that create the news by making them happen newsworthy. Most news organizations deliver news to the people, but they cannot always be where the news. This has led them to use the techniques of creating that could have happened. Through journalistic beats, we find the creation and reporting of news having a clear line to fill the pressures with news demand (Kenneth 45). To support this view, journalist beats being places where news events are usually expected to happen hence providing them with a steady stream of news. The crime report is usually created but not reported, example is the one that was on Toronto Star page A8 (Richard A8). This story is an example of news collected from provincial police officers and reported making it as though the journalist was at the courthouse. This excerpt from Toronto stars exhibits the way news is created and made to be reported. The w audience cannot question the news worthiness hence a fine line betwe en creating the news and reporting the news (Schudson

NVQ Assessment Essay Example for Free

NVQ Assessment Essay Understand the principles and requirements of assessment 1. Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development. 2. Define the key concept and principles of assessment. 3. Explain the responsibilities of the assessor. 4. Identify the regulations. Compare the strengths and limitations of arrange of assessment methods with reference to the needs of individual learners. 5. Compare the strengths and limitations of a range of assessments methods with reference to the needs of individual learners. Understand how to plan assessment 6. Summarise key factors to consider when planning assessments. 7. Evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment. 8. Explain how to plan a holistic approach to assessment. 9. Summarise the types of risks that may be involved in assessment in own area of responsibility. 10. Explain how to minimise risks through the planning process. Understand how to involve learners and others in assessment. 11. Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process. 12. Summarise types of information that should be made available to learners and others involved in the assessment process. 13. Explain how peer and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote learner involvement and personal responsibility in the assessment of learning. 14. Explain how assessment arrangements can be adapted to meet off individual learners. Understand how to make assessment decisions. 15. Explain how to judge whether evidence is: a)Sufficientb) Current c) authentic. 16. Explain how to ensure that assessment decision are: a)Made against specifiedb)validc) reliable d) fair. Understand quality assurance of the assessment process. 17. Evaluate the importance of quality assurance in the assessment process. 18. Summarise quality assurance and standardisation procedures in own area of practise. 19. Summarise the procedures to follow when there are disputes concerning assessment in own area of practise. Knowledge to be assessed and evidenced: Understanding how to manage information relating to assessment 20. Explain the importance of following procedures for the management of information relating to assessment. 21. Explain how feedback and questioning contribute to the assessment process. Understanding the legal and good practise requirements in relation to assessment. 22. Explain legal issues, policies and procedures relevant to assessment, including those for confidentiality, health, safety and welfare. 23. Explain the contribution that technology can make to the assessment process. 24. Evaluate requirements for quality and diversity and, where appropriate, bilingualism in relation to assessment. 25. Explain the value of reflection practise and continuing professional development in the assessment process.

Fantasy vs. Reality in J. M. Coetzees Disgrace Essay -- Coetzee Disgr

Fantasy vs. Reality in J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace J. M. Coetzee's novel Disgrace is, on the surface, the story of a wayward college professor, Dr. David Lurie, who is aging into a disrespectful decline. But this story tells of not only the strife and wrenching change that exist in the microcosm of Lurie's mind, but also the parallel themes that underlie the social, political, and ethical systems that are the reality of present day South Africa. As David Lurie interacts with people and creatures outside his normal milieu, the fault lines between his myopic view of the world and reality begin to crystallize with a disconcerting clarity. "What goes on in your soul is dark to us... ." These words are emblematic of the willful ignorance used to justify the actions of people, governments and society in a number of unfortunate circumstances. The alienation endemic in such a phrase reinforces the notion that each of us is absolutely alone when it comes to matters of the soul. Often, this willful ignorance is the blindfold used to wrap one's conscious mind into a state of denial that permits the status quo to limp on. If a society can be guilty of misanthropic behavior, then it must first exist on the individual level. It is in personal relationships that errors germinate and where true contrition belongs. The original context of this phrase is between Lurie and his college's disciplinary committee. Having been caught misusing his authority to seduce a young student, the professor is asked to explain. Repentance would go a long way toward absolving his sin, but he is defiant. Though it is acknowledged that "we have our weak moments, all of us, we are only human" (52), Lurie offers a confession but no contrition. As in Byron's La... ...is Lucy who must ironically point out reality by snapping, "[W]ake up, David... this is Africa" (124). Though he seems to be coming to terms with his true identity, the loss of perceived primacy is still "humiliating." The best he can do is identify with those he had been blind to before, human and animal alike. Lucy admits they have both in fact been reduced to having nothing, "no cards, no weapons, no property, no rights, no dignity." "Like a dog." "Yes, like a dog." (205) But David Lurie has learned to have and to recognize dignity despite all indications to the contrary. The animals he tends all posses it as does he; he has learned to "concentrate all his attention on the animal they are killing, giving it what he no longer has difficulty in calling by its proper name: love" (219). Work Cited Coetzee, J. M. Disgrace. New York: Penguin Books, 2000.